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Wind in Indonesia

A wind turbine can be defined as a device that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy can then be used to power machinery like pumps and grinding stones – usually called a windmill.
The mechanical energy can also be converted into electrical energy, and this device is called a wind generator. Because wind turbines today are mainly used for electricity generation, speaking of a wind turbine is synonym to a wind generator.


In Nusa Penida Bali Indonesia have 9 units of wind turbine power station with total capacity 735 kW. They made from Dutch, Denmark and China and can lighting 20 county or same as 4,000 families in Nusa Penida.
Wind speed in Bali is very fluctuating so the electric generating can not maximum like in the Europe country, the wind speed can reach 12 until 14 m/sec. In Indonesia only six areas the wind speed can reach above 6 m/s, there are in Timor, Kupang, South-East of Celebes, Selayar and Sidrap island.

History of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines of machines dates back as early as 200 B.C in Persia. The Romans adopted this technology in 250 A.D, but the first practical windmills were built in Iran from the 7th century. These windmills, made up of long vertical drive shafts and rectangular shaped blades were used to grind corn, and pump water. The wind turbine technology was mainly used in the sugarcane industries.



Wind turbine technology gave its real birth in Europe. Dutch windmills were used to drain areas of the Rhine River delta. Denmark had about 2500 windmills at the end of the 19th century. These wind turbines were used as pumps and mills, and the estimated total wind power generation of all these windmills was estimated to be about 30MW.
The first electricity generating wind turbine or windmill was a battery charging machine – installed in 1887 by James Blyth, from Scotland.
United States adopted Europe’s wind turbine technology, and the first electricity generating windmill was built in Cleveland, Ohio by Charles F Brush in 1888. By 1908 there were 72 electricity generating wind turbines. During the period of the First World War, windmill makers were producing about 100 000 farm windmills each year. Most of these wind turbines were used to for water pumping. The 1930’s saw an increase in windmills for electricity generation, and were a common sight all around the world.
Russia built the first100kW generator in 1931, in the district called Yalta. The wind turbine was mounted on a 30m tower, connected to a 6.3kV distribution system.
The first utility gird connected wind turbine operated in the UK. This wind turbine was built by the John Brown Company in 1954, Orkney Islands.


Usually flat objects connected to a center shaft that converts the push of the wind into a circular motion in a wind turbine. Most wind turbines have three blades. Very small turbines may use two blades for ease of construction and installation. Vibration intensity decreases with larger numbers of blades. Noise and wear are generally lower, and efficiency higher, with three instead of two blades.

Turbines with larger numbers of smaller blades operate at a lower Reynolds number and so are less efficient. Small turbines with 4 or more blades suffer further losses as each blade operates partly in the wake of the other blades. Also, the cost of the turbine usually increases with the number of blades.

One of the strongest construction materials available (in 2006) is graphite-fibre in epoxy, but it is very expensive and only used by some manufactures for special load-bearing parts of the rotor blades. Modern rotor blades (up to 126 m diameter) are made of lightweight pultruded glass-reinforced plastic, smaller ones also from aluminium, or sometimes laminated wood.

Where to Build Wind Turbines?
We already know that wind turbines create electricity from wind energy. That means a wind turbine should be built at a location with constant high wind speeds. Scientists and engineers usually estimate the energy potential of a region with a wind resource assessment.
WPF, or wind power density, is a calculation relating to the effective force of the wind at a specific location. It’s expressed in terms of elevation above ground level over a specific interval or period of time. The two variables used are wind velocity and mass.
After the wind resource assessment has been done, colour coded maps are prepared for the specific region. The results are included in the National Renewable Energy Lab’s database, and referred to as “NREL CLASS”.

Related Link
Nuclear in Indonesia
Geothermal in Indonesia
OTEC in Indonesia

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How Much Does Wind Energy Cost?

Are renewables pushing up the cost of electricity? That was the claim made by Alan Moran in an opinion piece for the Australian Financial Review. But the evidence actually suggests the opposite.

Wind farm image via Shutterstock

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Moran, executive director of Regulation Economics and a former director at the Institute of Public Affairs, argues that increasing investment in renewables and particularly wind energy will cost consumers billions of dollars. The high operating costs and requirements for backup when the wind isn’t blowing are the problem, he argues.

But the evidence actually suggests the opposite: wind energy is already competitive with fossil fuels, will reduce electricity prices for consumers, and will play a large role in reducing Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions.

So, let’s go through Moran’s claims one by one.



Claim: [W]indfarms […] need three times the price at which Australian coal generators can supply electricity. Australia’s coal resources are so abundant that across the eastern states that they can profitably supply electricity at a cost of $40 a MWh. Windfarms require $120 a MWh.

It is true that black coal can supply electricity to the wholesale market at A$40 per megawatt hour (MWh). However, new wind farms require much less than A$120 per MWh to be financed. Recent experience shows that new wind farms require A$80-90 per MWh.

But this is comparing apples with oranges. The coal cost refers to what is essentially the cost of fuel. The wind cost is the cost over the lifetime of the project, including capital and return on investment.

If we compare apples with apples, the long-run cost of coal is A$85-$100 per MWh (without a carbon price), versus A$90 per MWh for wind. The short-run cost of wind is zero: flowing air costs nothing.

Claim: [B]ecause wind generated supply is intrinsically unreliable it needs back-up in the form of fast start generators […] Wind/solar generation in Australia currently has a 7 per cent share of supply. That level requires 6 per cent in additional back-up, according to the estimates by the Australian Energy Market Operator.

This statement implies that additional capacity has had to be installed because of wind. This is demonstrably not true. The Australian Energy Market Operator has stated that there is no new capacity required in the next 10 years, despite the increase in wind and solar.

South Australia is a good example. More than 1,200 megawatts of wind power capacity has been installed, but virtually no new gas plants have been built as “backup”. In the chart below you can see that on the afternoon and evening of Sunday June 7, wind and gas met all electricity demand in South Australia.




Generation by fuel type in South Australia on Sunday the 7th of June 2015. Operations at the Northern Power Station were shut down after an explosion at around midday.

More broadly, redundant capacity is important in the entire electricity system (not just wind). All types of generation have planned and unplanned shortages.

Unplanned outages are more challenging. If a whole generator goes offline, the system must return to normal within five minutes. This is often achieved with a “fast start” generator such as a gas turbine or hydro plant. These contingency plans must equal the loss of the largest generator in the system, usually coal.

No technology is 100 per cent reliable, as illustrated in the graph above. Wind is really quite predictable and reliable compared to coal.

Claim: Wind turbine development has been improved over the past 20 years but is now approaching its theoretical maximum efficiency. It will never be remotely price competitive with conventional generators notwithstanding wishful thinking.

As I’ve shown above, wind is already competitive with new-build coal (and gas) in Australia, and many other places around the world (including the United States). Carbon policy aside, some of the assets are seriously old and are going to be retired anyway.

A new study from UNSW Australia looked at the best energy mix for generation. Even without a carbon price, the research found that the lowest cost mix in 2050 sources only 30 per cent of electricity from gas, with the rest supplied by renewables. About half of the gas capacity is Open Cycle Gas Turbines (for peak demand) that supply very small quantities of energy.

Claim: In aggregate terms, the annual impost on electricity consumers [of the Renewable Energy Target] is therefore from the 33,000GWh and means a cost to the customer of $3 billion a year […]

As I’ve written before on The Conversation, the government’s own modelling shows a net saving to consumers (and so does plenty of other analysis). The ACIL Allen analysis finds the target will cut power bills from 2021 onwards (by up to A$91 per year by 2030) and deliver a net saving to consumers.

Claim: Energy only comprises 25 to 30 per cent of emissions and Australia’s renewable target might therefore reduce emissions by 4 to 5 per cent.

According the Climate Change Authority’s review of the Renewable Energy Target (RET), the RET is projected to reduce Australia’s overall emissions by 58 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent.

The Government’s latest estimate of Australia’s emissions reduction task between 2015 and 2020 is 421 million tonnes. So between 2015 and 2020 alone, the RET achieves at least 13 per cent of the reduction task.

Learn From Fukushima Nuclear

Earthquake 8.9 Richter Scale (RS) and following with Tsunami at Japan east beach last month made Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant broke out.

Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant is first generation that use boiling water reactor(BWR) system which steam is created to rotating the turbine.

Although old but Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant has stage of modern safety based on resistance caused by earthquake ground motion. It can resist at earthquake until 9 RS.



The safety procedure of Nuclear Power Station that if earthquake happen, reactor core will stop. However with stop fission reaction, the element that process area is not directly cold. It needs additional procedure to make cooling the element with the pumping cold water to element by emergency diesel generator if supply electric power fails due to earthquake.

There are three emergency diesel generators to supply electric power. If all is fail, it has battery reserve that can supply electric power for 8 hours but still not enough to make cooling the element.


The temperature of process element still above 1000c even though emergency cooling already done. This condition makes reaction between zirconium and water that created hydrogen gas until pressure inside reactor chamber increase. This condition makes force to open the manifold and release to the atmosphere and also potential to create explosive due to hydrogen met to oxygen with high temperature. Before open the manifold, the wind direction should be under consideration.

However, Japan government already do early anticipate by evacuated 170.000 people who inside radius 20km.


Accident in Fukushima on categorizes the 4th level because the reactor element doesn’t melt. That was still lower accident level than in Three-mile Island US which the 5th level and Chernobyl Ukrania the 7th level.























Japan now is planning to evaporate or store underground tritium-laced water from the Fukushima nuclear plant instead of releasing into the ocean.

Japanese electric utility Tokyo Electric Power Co's (TEPCO) plans to release the tritium-laced water into the ocean have been opposed by local fishermen as they are concerned about the impact on their livelihood.

The water, which is used to keep the reactors cool to prevent further radioactive releases, is contaminated with radioactive material and has since been leaking and mixing with groundwater that is seeping through the facility.

However, there is no available technology to remove tritium, which is a relatively harmless radioactive isotope left behind in treated water.

TEPCO outside adviser Dale Klein was quoted by Reuters as saying that evaporation method was used after the Three Mile Island nuclear disaster in the US but the amounts were much smaller.

"They have huge volumes of water so they cannot evaporate it like they did at Three Mile Island," added Klein.

The Reuters quoted Fukushima nuclear plant chief decommissioning officer Naohiro Masuda as saying that he is not clear when a final decision about evaporation will be made.

TEPCO is being forced to build hundreds of tanks to store contaminated and treated water.

Last week, the plant's operator announced plans to reveal all data on radiation levels recorded at the site in response to criticism over its lack of transparency.

TEPCO had also announced that it will not be able to process the radioactive water stored at the Fukushima plant by March as promised earlier, due to technical problems.